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Genetic Influence on Migration

Submitted by: Nancy L. Young-Houser




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Science is gathering evidence showing us "animals inherit migratory routes from their parents genetically." We know that migratory routes and genetics are associated with each other, but as more research is being gathered, this correlation has become an unquestionable fact. In the American Zoologist 1991 article, "Evolutionary Genetics of Animal Migration", it states that the primary approaches used to study migration genetics were the analyses of: population differences, single locus effects, and polygenic influences.

 

Now, unless one is a scientist or has a science background, this may mean very little. That's the way it is with scientific research articles. But resulting data on heritabilities for migration-related traits were not only high but suggested significant amounts of genetic variation for natural selections. Migratory behavior was found to be part of a specific syndrome, which included aspects of "both" physiology and life history traits. The study concluded that migratory behavior does not evolve in isolation, but only in large-scale groups of migrating animals, birds or fish.  This migration evolution is still an on-going process of all species, studied through environmental changes and genetic variations.

 

Avian or bird migrations are studied predominantly due to extreme species variability. This is due to major genetic differences within bird variations, involving migratory behavior and morphological/physiological adaptations. But the study of genetics and human migration is something even more researched than of animals but demonstrating an emerging discourse in the fields of science. Like with animals, scientific genetic testing is being studied in relation to migration patterns but in humans, attempting to show a time-related distribution of ethnic genetic codes over certain geological areas.

 

What has been identified in human beings were descended human lineages from "ten sons of a genetic Adam" and "eighteen daughters of a genetic Eve" whose ancestral home originated in Africa. This group was split up 144,000 years ago—a period in time upon which the mitochondrial and Y chromosome trees first branched out. The ancient DNA (the mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA) from mummies and ancient skeletons is small and present in the cell with many copies. The female line of Eve show up in almost all American Indians, shown in their mtDNA which belonged in Eve's ancient lineages A , B, C and D. Meanwhile, her line shows up in Europeans with the ancient lineages of H through K, and T through X. The migrations in the article are rather detailed and lengthy, but definitely show that every line which originated from these early genes had migration playing a strong part in which we are today. 

 

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Nancy L. Young-Houser is a professional writer and illustrator, in addition to providing a home for dogs on all levels of need with her best friend, Sandra Marquiss. Her writings include controversial subjects as part of the soapbox she has carried around since childhood, never leaving home without it. Part of this soapbox is her website WayCoolDogs.com filled with lots of four-legged information!

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